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Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database

Poplar mosaic carlavirus

Index

• Nomenclature
• Host range, transmission and symptoms
• Physical and biochemical properties
• Taxonomy and relationships
• Comments and References

Data collated by F.A. van der Meer; J.I. Cooper, 1987.

Nomenclature

Synonyms

Canadian poplar mosaic virus (Atanasoff, 1935), poplar latent virus (Matthews, 1979).

Acronym

PopMV

ICTV decimal code

14.0.1.0.024

Host range and symptoms

Natural host range and symptoms

Symptoms persist (but the virus is often irregularly distributed in trees; Van der Meer et al., 1980; Cooper and Edwards, 1981).
• Populus maximowiczii - no symptoms (Cooper et al., 1986).
• P. balsamifera, P. nigra, P. deltoides subspecies angulata, monilifera and missouriensis, P. trichocarpa, P. candicans, P. × canadensis; Berg, 1964), P. × interamericana (= P. trichocarpa × P. deltoides; Van der Meer, 1981) - yellow asteroid spotting of the smaller leaf veins. Very sensitive cultivars may develop necrosis in bark, petioles and leaf veins, growth of poplars may be severely decreased (Berg, 1964; Castellani, 1966; Biddle and Tinsley, 1971; Van der Meer, 1981) but more than one virus may be involved.

Transmission

Virus transmitted by mechanical inoculation (Berg, 1962); transmitted by grafting (Corte, 1959; Blattny et al., 1962); not transmitted by seed (Cooper and Edwards, 1981); transmitted by pollen to the pollinated plant (Cooper, 1976).

Ecology and control

Studies reported by Cooper (1969); Cooper and Edwards (1981); Van der Meer (1979; 1981); Van der Meer et al. (1980a). Poplar can be freed from PMV by heat treatment; after 4-10 weeks at 37-39ºC (Sweet, 1976; Van der Meer, 1981), one cm long tip cuttings are usually virus-free.

Geographical distribution

Spreads in the Netherlands and the UK (Van der Meer, 1979 and 1981; Cooper and Edwards, 1981). Found, but with no evidence of spread, in Bulgaria (Atanasoff, 1935), Canada (Navratil and Boyer, 1968), China (Xiung Yuying et al., 1984), former Czechoslovakia (Blattny et al., 1962), Denmark (Kristensen, 1960), Poland (Benben, 1957), Italy (Corte, 1959), Georgia CIS (Navratil, 1965), Germany (Brandes, 1963; Schmelzer, 1964), Korea (Yong Jooh et al., 1980), U.K (Biddle and Tinsley, 1971a) and former Yugoslavia (Perisic, 1951). Also in Austria, Australia, Belgium, France, Hungary, Ireland, Japan, Luxembourg, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Tanzania, the U.S.A. and Venezuela.

Experimental host range

Many (>9) families susceptible.

Diagnostically susceptible host species and symptoms

• Nicotiana megalosiphon - chlorotic or necrotic local lesions and systemic mosaic.
• Nicotiana glutinosa - chlorotic local lesions and systemic vein chlorosis.
• Vigna unguiculata - red or brown local lesions.
• Phaseolus vulgaris - necrotic local lesions (Van der Meer et al., 1980; 1980a).

Diagnostically insusceptible host species

Nicotiana tabacum cv. White Burley, Gomphrena globosa (Luisoni et al., 1976).

Maintenance and propagation hosts

Nicotiana megalosiphon, N. clevelandii.

Assay hosts (Local lesions or Whole plants)

Nicotiana megalosiphon (L and W) (Van der Meer et al., 1980a).

Susceptible host species

• Antirrhinum majus
• Arachis hypogaea
• Catharanthus roseus
• Chenopodium foetidum
• Chenopodium murale
• Chenopodium quinoa
• Cucumis sativus
• Cucurbita maxima
• Cucurbita pepo
• Datura stramonium
• Datura tatula
• Daucus carota
• Glycine max
• Lathyrus odoratus
• Lavatera trimestris
• Lonicera periclymenum
• Nicotiana clevelandii
• Nicotiana debneyi
• Nicotiana glutinosa
• Nicotiana glutinosa × N. clevelandii
• Nicotiana megalosiphon
• Nicotiana occidentalis
• Nicotiana rustica
• Nicotiana tabacum
• Nicotiana × edwardsonii
• Ocimum basilicum
• Petunia × hybrida
• Phaseolus vulgaris
• Phlox drummondii
• Physalis floridana
• Pisum sativum
• Populus balsamifera
• Populus candicans
• Populus deltoides subspecies angulata, monilifera, missouriensis
• Populus maximowiczii
• Populus nigra
• Populus trichocarpa
• Populus × canadensis
• Populus × interamericana (= P. trichocarpa X P. deltoides)
• Tetragonia tetragonioides
• Tropaeolum majus
• Vicia faba
• Vigna unguiculata
• Zinnia elegans

Insusceptible host species

• Amaranthus caudatus
• Beta vulgaris
• Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis
• Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
• Brassica oleracea var. capitata
• Capsicum annuum
• Celosia argentea
• Chenopodium album
• Chenopodium amaranticolor
• Chenopodium foliosum
• Crotalaria spectabilis
• Dianthus barbatus
• Gomphrena globosa
• Helianthus annuus
• Lupinus albus
• Lycopersicon esculentum
• Nicotiana tabacum (cv. White Burley)
• Senecio vulgaris
• Spinacia oleracea
• Trifolium repens
• Verbesina encelioides

Families containing susceptible hosts

• Apocynaceae (1/1)
• Caprifoliaceae (1/1)
• Chenopodiaceae (3/8)
• Compositae (1/4)
• Cucurbitaceae (3/3)
• Labiatae (1/1)
• Leguminosae-Papilionoideae (7/10)
• Malvaceae (1/1)
• Polemoniaceae (1 /1)
• Salicaceae (8/8)
• Scrophulariaceae (1/1)
• Solanaceae (13/15)
• Tetragoniaceae (1/1)
• Tropaeolaceae (1/1)
• Umbelliferae (1/1)

Families containing insusceptible hosts

• Amaranthaceae (3/3)
• Caryophyllaceae (1/1)
• Chenopodiaceae (5/8)
• Compositae (3/4)
• Cruciferae (3/3)
• Leguminosae-Papilionoideae (3/10)
• Solanaceae (3/15)

Comments on host-range

Infectious inoculum from poplar does not induce symptoms in Chenopodium quinoa. However, after passage in Nicotiana megalosiphon, the virus causes lesions in Chenopodium quinoa and becomes adapted to Chenopodium quinoa and then induces numerous local lesions and systemic mosaic in it.

Sources of host-range data

Berg (1964); Schmelzer (1966); Luisoni et al. (1976); Van der Meer et al. (1980); Xiang Yuying et al. (1984). There is some discrepancy between the results in these five references.

Physical and biochemical properties

Properties of particles in sap

TIP: 74 °C (with sap from Nicotiana megalosiphon). LIV: 2 days. Leaf sap contains many virions.

Purification method

Van der Meer et al. (1980; 1980a).

Particle morphology

Virions filamentous; not enveloped; usually flexuous (but only slightly); with a clear modal length; of 675 nm (Biddle and Tinsley, 1971); 13 nm wide (Biddle and Tinsley, 1976). Axial canal obvious (but only partially and is inconsistent (Boccardo and Milne, 1976)); c. 2 nm in diameter. Basic helix obvious, or obscure; pitch of basic helix 3.5 nm.

Physical properties

One sedimenting component in purified preparations; sedimentation coefficient 165 S (Berg, 1964).

Biochemical properties

Genome consists of RNA; single-stranded. Total genome size 6.48 kb. Genome unipartite; largest (or only) genome part 6.48 kb. Genomic nucleic acid isolated by Boccardo and Milne (1976). Infectivity retained when deproteinised with phenol or detergent.

NCBI sequence data (Entrez search)

Sequence database accession code(s)

• D13364 Em(40)_vi:MVWTGBCPG Gb(84)_vi:MVWTGBCPG Poplar mosaic virus (PMV) genes for coat protein, helicase and other proteins, complete cds.
• X65102 Em(40)_vi:PMVCOATP Gb(84)_vi:PMVCOATP Poplar mosaic Virus genomic RNA for coat protein and putative 14 kDa protein. 7/93 1,328bp. 2 sequences.

Features of proteins

Virion protein(s) one (plus a fragment); M_r 40000 (plus 30000); coat protein. Method of preparation: Boccardo and Milne (1976).

Replication

Replication does not depend on a helper virus.

Cytopathology

Virions found in mesophyll, vascular parenchyma and palisade cells; in cytoplasm; plasmodesmata occasionally, but were virion-like particles. Inclusions absent from infected cells (Boccardo and Milne, 1976; Atkinson and Cooper, 1976; Brunt et al., 1976). Other cellular changes: cell wall overgrowths in poplar caused by poplar mosaic virus (Atkinson and Cooper, 1976), whereas cell wall structure in Nicotiana megalosiphon was not altered by the virus (Boccardo and Milne, 1976). Accumulation of endoplasmic reticulum occured in both infected hosts. Loose wefts of virions have been noted (Atkinson and Cooper, 1976).

Taxonomy and relationships

Carlavirus

Virus(es) with serologically related virions

Honeysuckle latent virus (Van der Meer et al., 1980; Brunt et al., 1980).

Virus(es) with serologically unrelated virions

Pea streak, chrysanthemum B, potato S, red clover vein mosaic (Berg, 1964), carnation latent (Berg, 1964; Luisoni et al., 1976), potato M (Berg, 1964; Luisoni et al., 1976) and shallot latent (Bos et al., 1978) viruses.

Additional comments on relationships

Poplar mosaic virus induces necrotic local lesions in inoculated leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna unguiculata, but neither are susceptible to the serologically related honeysuckle latent virus (Van der Meer et al., 1980). Although poplar mosaic virus is a carlavirus, its vector is unknown (Berg, 1964; Schmelzer, 1966; Boccardo et al., 1973; Cooper and Edwards, 1981).

Best tests for diagnosis

Poplar mosaic virus usually occurs alone in poplars. Potyvirus-like virions have been found in poplars in the U.S.A. (Martin et al., 1982), that can be distinguished by virion morphology and by serological tests.

Comments and References

References

• Atanasoff, D. (1935). Phytopath. Z. 8: 197.
• Atkinson, M.A. and Cooper, J.I. (1976). Ann. appl. Biol. 83: 395.
• Benben (1957). Roczn. Nauk les. 19: 63 (as cited by Cooper, 1969).
• Berg, T.M. (1962). Nature, Lond. 194: 1302.
• Berg, T.M. (1964). Meded. Landb. Wageningen 64-11: 1.
• Biddle, P.G. and Tinsley, T.W. (1971). CMI/AAB Descr. Pl. Viruses No. 75, 3 pp.
• Biddle, P.G. and Tinsley, T.W. (1971a). New Phytol. 70: 61.
• Biddle, P.G. and Tinsley, T.W. (1971b). New Phytol. 70: 67.
• Blattny, Pozdena, Svobodova, Brcak, Bojansky, Leontovyc and Prochazkova (1962/B). Acta Musei nationalis Pragae XVIII 2: 47.
• Boccardo, G., Luisoni, E. and Lovisolo, O. (1973). Abstr. 2nd. Int. Congr. Pl. Path., No. 0928.
• Boccardo, G. and Milne, R.G. (1976). Phytopath. Z. 87: 120.
• Bos, L., Huttinga, H. and Maat, D.Z. (1978). Neth. J. Pl. Path. 84: 227.
• Brandes, J. (1963). Phytopath. Z. 47: 84.
• Brunt, A.A., Stace-Smith, R. and Leung, E. (1976). Intervirology 7: 303.
• Brunt, A.A., Phillips, S. and Thomas (1980). Acta Hort. 110: 205.
• Castellani (1966). In: Breeding Pest Resistant Trees, NATO and NSF Symp. 89-96. Pergamon Press.
• Cooper, J.I. (1976). Ann. Rep. Commonw. For. Inst. 26, 1975, Oxford (as cited by Cooper, 1979).
• Cooper, J.I. (1979). In: Virus Diseases of Trees and Shrubs p. 46. Inst. Terr. Ecol., Oxford.
• Cooper, J.I. and Edwards, M.L. (1981). Ann. appl. Biol. 99: 53.
• Cooper, J.I., Edwards, M.L. and Siwecki, R. (1986). Eur. J. For. Path. 16: 116.
• Corte (1959). Atti Ist, bot. Univ. Lab. Crittogam. Pavia 17: 1.
• Koenig, R. (1982). CMI/AAB Descr. Pl. Viruses No. 259, 4 pp.
• Kristensen (1960). Dansk Skovforen. Tidsskr. 45: 155.
• Luisoni, E., Boccardo, G. and Milne, R.G. (1976). Phytopath. Z. 85: 65.
• Martin, R.R., Berbee, J.G. and Omuema, J.O. (1982). Phytopathology 72: 1158.
• Navratil, S. (1965). Zast. Bilja 16: 517 (as cited by Cooper, 1969).
• Navratil, S. and Boyer (1968). Can. J. Bot. 46: 722.
• Perisic (1951). Sumarstvo 4: 522 (as cited by Cooper, 1969).
• Schmelzer, K. (1964). Arch. Forstw. 13: 787.
• Schmelzer, K. (1966). Phytopath. Z. 55: 31.
• Sweet, J. (1976). Acta Hort. 59: 83.
• Van der Meer, F.A. (1979). In: Proceedings of the IUFRO meeting concerning Poplars in France and Belgium, 17-22 September 1979, of working parties S2-02-10 and S2-03-07, with participation of the International Energy Agency Forest Biomass (Planning Group B): 104-111. Ed. Dorschkamp Res. Inst. Forestry and Landscape Planning, Wageningen.
• Van der Meer, F.A. (1981). Populier 18: 51.
• Van der Meer, F.A., Maat, D.Z. and Vink, J. (1980). Neth. J. Pl. Path. 86: 69.
• Van der Meer, F.A., Maat, D.Z. and Vink, J. (1980a). Neth. J. Pl. Path. 86: 99.
• Xiang Y., Xi Z.X. and Zhang H.L. (1984). Scientia Silvae Sinicae 20: No. 4.
• Yong Jooh, L., Chang Keun, Y., Woon Hong, Y., Jae Woo, H. and Sang Yung, S. (1980). J. Korean Forestry Society 49: 32.
• Zhang Z.-H. (1984). Journal of the South-Western Forestry College No. 1.

Cite this publication as: Brunt, A.A., Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, M.J., Gibbs, A.J., Watson, L. and Zurcher, E.J. (eds.) (1996 onwards). `Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Version: 20^th August 1996.' URL http://biology.anu.edu.au/Groups/MES/vide/

Dallwitz (1980) and Dallwitz, Paine and Zurcher (1993) should also be cited.