Plant Viruses Online   

Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database

Cacao swollen shoot badnavirus

Index

• Nomenclature
• Host range, transmission and symptoms
• Physical and biochemical properties
• Taxonomy and relationships
• Comments and References

Data collated by A.A. Brunt, 1986.

Nomenclature

Synonyms

theobroma virus 1, cacao swollen shoot virus, cacao mottle leaf virus.

Acronym

CSSV

Strains

Many variants have been recorded; initially named alphabetically, they are now named by where they were found. Well-known strains include Bisa, Bosumtwe, Ikiri, Kpeve, Mampong, New Juaben, Nsaba and Offa Igbo.

ICTV decimal code

07.0.1.0.003

Host range and symptoms

Natural host range and symptoms

Symptoms persist (in some and disappears in others).
• Theobroma cacao - interveinal chlorosis, swollen stems and roots caused by many strains, a few cause root swelling only, and some cause no symptoms.
• Ceiba pentandra, Cola chlamydantha, Cola gigantea var. glabrescens, Sterculia tragacantha - transient leaf chlorosis.
• Adansonia digitata - leaf chlorosis.

Transmission

Transmitted by a vector; an insect; Planococcoides njalensis, Planococcus citri, Planococcus kenyae, Planococcus sp. celtis, Dysmicoccus brevipes, Ferrisia virgata, Pseudococcus longispinus (only Mampong strain); Pseudococcidae. Transmitted in a semi-persistent manner. Virus retained when the vector moults; does not multiply in the vector; not transmitted congenitally to the progeny of the vector; transmitted by mechanical inoculation (with difficulty); transmitted by grafting; not transmitted by contact between plants; not transmitted by seed; not transmitted by pollen.

Ecology and control

Studies reported by Ollenu et al. (1989).

Geographical distribution

Spreads in Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, and Togo (and, possibly, Trinidad).

Experimental host range

Several (3-9) families susceptible. Experimentally infected plants mostly show chlorosis, necrosis, swelling.

Diagnostically susceptible host species and symptoms

• Theobroma cacao (Amelonado) - systemic red vein-banding, then leaf chlorosis.
• Corchorus spp. - lethal systemic necrosis.
• Adansonia digitata - systemic mottling and stunting.
• Ceiba pentandra, Ceiba chlamydantha, Cola gigantea - transient leaf chlorosis.
• Bombax brevicuspe - chlorosis.

Diagnostically insusceptible host species

Nicotiana tabacum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Chenopodium amaranticolor, Chenopodium quinoa, Nicotiana clevelandii.

Maintenance and propagation hosts

Theobroma cacao, Adansonia digitata, Bombax brevicuspe.

Assay hosts (Local lesions or Whole plants)

Theobroma cacao (W). Cocoa cotyledons are readily infected by viruliferous mealybugs or by mechanical inoculation.

Susceptible host species

• Adansonia digitata
• Bombax brevicuspe
• Ceiba chlamydantha
• Ceiba pentandra
• Cola chlamydantha
• Cola gigantea
• Cola gigantea var. glabrescens
• Corchorus
• Sterculia tragacantha
• Theobroma cacao

Insusceptible host species

• Abelmoschus esculentus
• Arachis hypogaea
• Capsicum annuum
• Cassia occidentalis
• Cassia tora
• Chenopodium amaranticolor
• Chenopodium foetidum
• Chenopodium quinoa
• Crotalaria spectabilis
• Cucumis sativus
• Datura stramonium
• Glycine max
• Gomphrena globosa
• Nicotiana clevelandii
• Nicotiana glutinosa
• Nicotiana tabacum
• Petunia × hybrida
• Phaseolus lunatus
• Phaseolus vulgaris
• Ricinus communis
• Solanum melongena
• Vigna unguiculata

Families containing susceptible hosts

• Bombacaceae (4/4)
• Sterculiaceae (5/5)
• Tiliaceae (1/1)

Families containing insusceptible hosts

• Amaranthaceae (1/1)
• Chenopodiaceae (3/3)
• Cucurbitaceae (1/1)
• Euphorbiaceae (1/1)
• Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae (2/2)
• Leguminosae-Papilionoideae (6/6)
• Malvaceae (1/1)
• Solanaceae (7/7)

Sources of host-range data

Legg and Lovi (1968); Legg and Lovi (1969); Tinsley and Wharton (1958).

Physical and biochemical properties

Properties of particles in sap

TIP: 55-60 °C. LIV: 28-85 days (at 2ºC). DEP: log₁₀ minus 3-4. Leaf sap contains few virions.

Purification method

Adomako et al. (1983); Lot et al. (1991), Hagen et al. (1993).

Particle morphology

Virions bacilliform; not enveloped; 130 nm in length; 28 nm wide.

Physical properties

One sedimenting component in purified preparations; sedimentation coefficient 218 S.

Biochemical properties

Genome consists of DNA; double-stranded; circular. Total genome size 7.4 kb. Genome unipartite; largest (or only) genome part 7.4 kb. Nucleotide sequence references: Lot et al. (1991).

NCBI sequence data (Entrez search)

Sequence database accession code(s)

• L14546 Em(40)_vi:CSHCG Gb(84)_vi:CSHCG Cacao swollen shoot virus polyprotein gene, complete circular genome. 1/94 7,161bp. 1 sequence.

Cytopathology

Virions found in all parts of the host plant; in cytoplasm. Inclusions absent from infected cells.

Taxonomy and relationships

Badnavirus

Virus(es) with serologically unrelated virions

Banana streak, rice tungro bacilliform, taro bacilliform, yam internal brown spotting and yucca bacilliform viruses.

Comments and References

References

• Adomako, D., Lesemann, D.E. and Paul, H.L. (1983). Ann. appl. Biol. 103: 109.
• Brunt, A.A. (1970). CMI/AAB Descr. Pl. Viruses No. 10, 4 pp.
• Brunt, A.A. and Kenten, R.H. (1960). Virology 12: 328.
• Brunt, A.A. and Kenten, R.H. (1962). Ann. appl. Biol. 50: 749.
• Brunt, A.A. and Kenten, R.H. (1963). Virology 19: 388.
• Brunt, A.A., Kenten, R.H. and Nixon, H.L. (1964). J. gen. Microbiol. 36: 303.
• Hagen, L.S., Jacquemond, M., Lepingle, A., Lot, H. and Tepfer, M. (1993). J. gen. Virol.
• Kenten, R.H. and Legg, J.T. (1971). Ann. appl. Biol. 67: 195.
• Legg, J.T. and Lovi, N.K. (1968). Rep. W. Afr. Cocoa Res. Inst. for 1966-1967: 22.
• Legg, J.T. and Lovi, N.K. (1969). Rep. W. Afr. Cocoa Res. Inst. for 1967-1968: 29.
• Lot, H., Djekpor, E. and Jacquemond, M. (1991). J. gen. Virol. 72: 1735.
• Ollenu, L.A.A., Owusu, G.K. and Thresh, J.M. (1989). Cocoa Growers Bull. 42: 25.
• Partiot, M., Amefia, Y.K., Djiekpor, E.K. and Baker, K.A. (1978). Cafe, Cacao, The 23: 217.
• Posnette, A.F. (1940). Trop. Agric., Trin. 17: 98.
• Posnette, A.F. (1947). Ann. appl. Biol. 34: 388.
• Posnette, A.F. (1950). Ann. appl. Biol. 37: 378.
• Posnette, A.F. and Robertson, N.F. (1950). Ann. appl. Biol. 37: 363.
• Posnette, A.F., Robertson, N.F. and Todd, J.M. (1950). Ann. appl. Biol. 37: 229.
• Posnette, A.F. and Todd, J.M. (1955). Ann. appl. Biol. 43: 443.
• Sagemann, W., Lesemann, D.-E., Paul, H.L., Adomako, D. and Owusu, G.K. (1985). J. Phytopath. 114: 79.
• Sagemann, W., Paul, H.L., Adomako, D. and Owusu, G.K. (1983). Phytopath. Z. 106: 281.
• Tinsley, T.W. and Wharton, A.L. (1958). Ann. appl. Biol. 46: 1.

Illustrations

Cite this publication as: Brunt, A.A., Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, M.J., Gibbs, A.J., Watson, L. and Zurcher, E.J. (eds.) (1996 onwards). `Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Version: 20^th August 1996.' URL http://biology.anu.edu.au/Groups/MES/vide/

Dallwitz (1980) and Dallwitz, Paine and Zurcher (1993) should also be cited.