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Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database

Barley yellow dwarf luteovirus

Index

• Nomenclature
• Host range, transmission and symptoms
• Physical and biochemical properties
• Taxonomy and relationships
• Comments and References

Data collated by W.F. Rochow, 1986; R.J. Sward and P.M. Waterhouse, 1987.

Nomenclature

Synonyms

cereal yellow dwarf virus, hordeum nanescens virus, oat red leaf virus, rice giallume virus, ryegrass chlorotic streak virus (Clark and Christensen, 1972; Catherall, 1974), possibly maize leaf fleck virus (Stoner, 1952).

Acronym

BYDV-MAV, BYDV-PAV, BYDV-RGV, BYDV-RMV, BYDV-RPV, BYDV-SGV

Strains

Subgroup 1: (1) BYDV-MAV - transmitted by Macrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae. (2) BYDV-PAV - transmitted by Rhopalosiphum padi and by Macrosiphum avenae. (3) BYDV-SGV - transmitted by Schizaphis graminum. Subgroup 2: (4) BYDV-RMV - transmitted by Rhopalosiphum maidis. (5) BYDV-RPV - Transmitted by Rhopalosiphum padi.

ICTV decimal code

39.0.1.1.001

Host range and symptoms

Natural host range and symptoms

Symptoms persist, or vary seasonally, or disappear soon after infection (cool temperatures and supplementary light are needed for conspicuous symptoms to develop in plants grown in greenhouses).
• Hordeum vulgare - chlorotic leaf symptoms.
• Avena sativa, A. byzantina - floret blast, chlorotic and red leaves.
• Triticum aestivum - leaf chlorosis.
• Oryza sativa - yellow to orange leaves (rice giallume disease).
• Lolium perenne, L. multiflorum, Secale cereale, Zea mays - often symptomless, but sometimes purple or crimson leaf streaking.

Transmission

Transmitted by a vector; an insect; Aulocorthum circumflexum (synonyms Amphorophora circumflexa, Macrosiphum circumflexa, Myzus circumflexus, Aulacorthum circumflexum, Siphonophora circumflexa); Ceruraphis eriophori; Acyrthosiphon (Metopolophium) dirhodum (synonyms Acyrthosiphon dirhodum, Macrosiphum dirhodum); Myzus persicae; Rhopalosiphum insertum (synonyms Rhopalosiphum annuae, Rhopalosiphum fitchii); Rhopalosiphum maidis (synonym Aphis maydis); Rhopalosiphum padi (synonyms Anuraphis padi, Rhopalosiphum prunifoliae); Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis; Schizaphis graminum (synonym Toxoptera graminum); Sipha agropyrella; Macrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae (synonym Macrosiphum granarium); Macrosiphum (Sitobion) fragariae); Macrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae miscanthi, Sitobion avenae miscanthi (synonyms Sitobion avenae ssp. miscanthi, Macrosiphum avenae miscanthi cf. Jedlinski, 1981).
• Subgroup 1: (1) BYDV-MAV is transmitted usually by Macrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae, but rarely by Rhopalosiphum padi, R. maidis and Schizaphis graminum. (2) BYDV-PAV is transmitted usually by R. padi and M.(S.) avenae, erratically by Sch. graminum, but rarely by R. maidis. (3) BYDV-SGV is transmitted regularly by Sch. graminum, but rarely if at all by M.(S.) avenae, R. padi or R. maidis.
• Subgroup 2: (4) BYDV-RMV is regularly transmitted by R. maidis, but infrequently by R. padi, M.(S.) avenae and Sch. graminum. (5) BYDV-RPV is transmitted regularly by R. padi, erratically by Sch. graminum, but rarely by R. maidis and M.(S.) avenae; Aphididae. Transmitted in a persistent manner. Virus retained when the vector moults; does not multiply in the vector; not transmitted congenitally to the progeny of the vector; not transmitted by mechanical inoculation; not transmitted by contact between plants; not transmitted by seed; not transmitted by pollen.

Ecology and control

Studies reported by Bruehl (1961); Jedlinski and Brown (1965); Rochow (1963; 1969; 1970; 1979); Rochow and Muller (1974); Paliwal (1982); Plumb (1976); Smith and Plumb (1981); Watson and Mulligan (1960); Waterhouse (1986); Zhang et al. (1983). See also Büchen-Osmond et al. (1988).
• Cultivars tolerant of the virus are important for controlling the virus, which is probably the most widely distributed virus affecting cereals. Losses great from early infections.

Geographical distribution

Probably distributed worldwide.

Experimental host range

Few (<3) families susceptible. Experimentally infected plants mostly show chlorosis, reddening, stunting.

Diagnostically susceptible host species and symptoms

• Hordeum vulgare cv. Black Hulls, Avena sativa cvs Clintland, Clintland 64 and Blenda (spring oat), Avena byzantina cvs Coast Black and California Red (winter oat) - leaf chlorosis.
• Avena byzantina cv. Black: strains BYDV-RMV and BYDV-RPV - little effect; BYDV-MAV - moderate effect; BYDV-PAV - severe effect.

Maintenance and propagation hosts

Avena byzantina cv. Coast Black.

Assay hosts (Local lesions or Whole plants)

Avena sativa (W); Avena byzantina (W); Hordeum vulgare (W).

Susceptible host species

• Agrostis alba
• Anthoxanthum odoratum
• Avena byzantina
• Avena sativa
• Avena strigosa
• Bromus inermis
• Bromus mollis
• Bromus racemosus
• Bromus secalinus
• Bromus tectorum
• Chloris gayana
• Dactylis glomerata
• Elytrigia intermedia
• Festuca pratensis
• Hordeum vulgare
• Lolium multiflorum
• Lolium perenne
• Lolium temulentum
• Oryza sativa
• Panicum dichotomiflorum
• Paspalum dilatatum
• Phalaris arundinacea
• Phleum pratense
• Poa annua
• Poa pratensis
• Poa trivialis
• Secale cereale
• Triticum aestivum
• Triticum durum
• Zea mays

Insusceptible host species

• Agrostis alba
• Bromus inermis
• Dactylis glomerata
• Elytrigia intermedia
• Festuca pratensis
• Lolium perenne
• Phleum pratense
• Poa trivialis

Families containing susceptible hosts

• Gramineae (30/30)

Families containing insusceptible hosts

• Gramineae (8/30)

Comments on host-range

At least 100 monocotyledonous species are susceptible.

Sources of host-range data

Bruehl (1961); Rochow (1961); Slykhuis (1967).

Physical and biochemical properties

Properties of particles in sap

TIP: 60-75 °C (Heagy and Rochow, 1965). Leaf sap contains few virions.

Purification method

Rochow and Brakke (1964); Hebert (1963); Hewish and Shukla (1983); D'Arcy et al. (1983); Hammond et al. (1983); Waterhouse et al. (1987).

Particle morphology

Virions isometric; not enveloped; 25 nm in diameter (negatively stained or in sections; Jensen, 1969), or 30 nm in diameter (approximately in shadowed preparations; Rochow and Brakke, 1964); rounded in profile; without a conspicuous capsomere arrangement.

Physical properties

Usually one sedimenting component in purified preparations; sedimentation coefficient 115-118 S (for BYDV-MAV). Density 1.4-1.405 g cm^-3 in CsCl (for BYDV-PAV). Density 1.335 g cm^-3 in Cs₂SO₄ for BYDV-PAV.

Biochemical properties

Virions contain 28 % nucleic acid (in BYDV-MAV-like isolate; Paliwal, 1978); 72 % protein; 0 % lipid.

Genome consists of RNA; single-stranded; linear. Total genome size 5.673 kb (Gerlach et al., 1987). Genome unipartite; largest (or only) genome part 5.6 kb (BYDV-RPV; 5.677 for BYDV-PAV). Genomic nucleic acid isolated by Brakke and Rochow (1974). Base composition 24.6 % G; 29.6 % A; 23.8 % C; 22 % U. Poly A region absent. Nucleotide sequence references: Miller et al. (1987).

NCBI sequence data (Entrez search)

Sequence database accession code(s)

• D10206 Em(40)_vi:BYDNYRPV Gb(84)_vi:BYDNYRPV Barley yellow dwarf virus genomic RNA for coat protein, complete cds. 11/93 5,600bp.
• D11028 Em(40)_vi:BYDMAV Gb(84)_vi:BYDMAV Barley yellow dwarf virus (serotype MAV) genome, coat protein. 1/93 5,273bp.
• D11032 Em(40)_vi:BYDPAV Gb(84)_vi:BYDPAV Barley yellow dwarf virus (serotype PAV) genome, coat protein. 1/93 5,179bp.
• L10356 Em(40)_vi:BYDCOATP Gb(84)_vi:BYDCOATP Barley yellow dwarf virus coat protein gene, complete cds. 2/93 606bp.
• L12757 Em(40)_vi:BYDCPA Gb(84)_vi:BYDCPA Barley yellow dwarf virus capsid protein mRNA, 3´end cds. 3/93 513bp.
• L12758 Em(40)_vi:BYDCPB Gb(84)_vi:BYDCPB Barley yellow dwarf virus capsid protein mRNA, 3´end cds. 3/93 519bp.
• L12759 Em(40)_vi:BYDSEQA Gb(84)_vi:BYDSEQA Barley yellow dwarf virus ORF 2 mRNA, 3´end cds. 3/93 363bp.
• L19471 Em(40)_vi:BYDCOAT Gb(84)_vi:BYDCOAT Barley yellow dwarf virus coat protein mRNA, complete cds, and genome-linked proten VPg mRNA,
• L19504 Em(40)_vi:BYDCOATPR Gb(84)_vi:BYDCOATPRO Barley yellow dwarf luteovirus coat protein gene; 17 kDa genome-linked viral protein gene. 6/
• L25299 Em(40)_vi:BYDCG Gb(84)_vi:BYDCG Barley yellow dwarf virus complete genome. 11/93 5,723bp.
• M21347 Em(40)_vi:BYDPCT Gb(84)_vi:BYDPCT Barley yellow dwarf virus coat protein gene, complete cds. 7/89 603bp.
• M63666 Em(40)_vi:BYDSATRN Gb(84)_vi:BYDSATRNA Barley yellow dwarf virus satellite RNA. 4/91 322bp.
• U06865 Gb(84)n:BYU06865 Barley yellow dwarf virus NY-SGV putative coat protein and putative readthrough protein RNA,
• U06866 Gb(84)n:BYU06866 Barley yellow dwarf virus TX-SGV putative coat protein and putative readthrough protein RNA,
• U12928 Gb(84)n:BYU12928 Barley yellow dwarf virus PAV serotype coat protein and readthrough protein genes, partial cds. 12/94 1,424 bp.
• U29604 Em(44)n:By29604 Gb(90)_vi:Byu29604 Barley yellow dwarf virus coat protein mRNA, complete cds. 7/95 603bp.
• X07653 Em(40)_vi:BYDVPAV Gb(84)_vi:BYDVPAV Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV-PAV) genomic RNA. 9/93 5,677bp.
• X17259 Em(40)_vi:BYDRPVCP Gb(84)_vi:BYDRPVCP Barley yellow dwarf virus (isolate NY-RPV) coat protein gene. 1/93 615bp.
• X17260 Em(40)_vi:BYDMAVCP Gb(84)_vi:BYDMAVCP Barley yellow dwarf virus (isolate MAV-PS1) coat protein gene. 1/93 600bp.
• X17261 Em(40)_vi:BYDPAVCP Gb(84)_vi:BYDPAVCP Barley yellow dwarf virus (isolate P-PAV) coat protein gene. 1/93 603bp.
• X53174 Em(40)_vi:LUBYDCP Gb(84)_vi:LUBYDCP Barley yellow dwarf virus genomic RNA for capsid protein. 9/93 655bp.
• X56050 Em(40)_vi:BYDCPG Gb(84)_vi:BYDCPG Barley yellow dwarf virus gene for capsid protein. 1/92 984bp
• X80050 Gb(84)n:BYDV13T Barley yellow dwarf Virus RNA (13t) for 3´ terminal. 8/94 855bp.
• Z14123 Em(40)_vi:BYDVCP Gb(84)_vi:BYDVCP Barley yellow dwarf virus gene for capsid protein. 7/92 647bp.

Features of the genome

Non-genomic nucleic acid found in the virions (Miller et al., 1987); is satellite RNA. Sub-genomic mRNA found in infected cells (Gerlach et al., 1987).

Features of proteins

Virion protein(s) one; M_r 23500 (MAV), or 24400 (PAV), or 24450 (RPV) (Scalla and Rochow, 1977; Hammond et al., 1983). Method of preparation: Scalla and Rochow (1977).

Virus-coded non-virion proteins identified by genomic sequence analysis; six proteins found. M_r 95000; probably a polymerase, read through protein. M_r of 2nd largest 69000; possibly with a transport function. M_r of 3rd 34000; probably a polymerase. M_r of 4th 22000; coat protein. M_r of 5th and smaller 6000; possibly VPg; 17000 internal gene coding for coat protein.

Replication

Replication does not depend on a helper virus.

Cytopathology

Virions found in phloem (Jensen, 1969); in cytoplasm and in nuclei; and around plasmodesmata. Viruses of different BYDV subgroups alter the nucleus in different ways (Gill and Chong, 1975, 1976, 1979a, 1979b). Other cellular changes: the degeneration of phloem tissue to which virions are confined.
• Subgroup 1 viruses initially cause malformation and lobing of the nucleus, in which, later, masses of densely stained material accumulate, before it disintegrates (Gill and Chong, 1975).
• Subgroup 2 viruses induce changes that are quite different. Heterochromatin disappears during the later phases of infection, and the nucleus devlops a double membrane with defunct nucleoplasm.

Taxonomy and relationships

Luteovirus (BYDV-MAV, the type species)

Virus(es) with serologically related virions

BYDV-MAV, BYDV-PAV and BYDV-SGV belong to one group and are related to soybean dwarf virus, whereas BYDV-RPV (including ryegrass chlorotic streak isolates), BYDV-RGV and BYDV-RMV belong to a second which is closely related to beet western yellows virus (BWYV; Duffus and Rochow, 1978; Rochow and Duffus, 1978; Martin and D'Arcy, 1990), potato leafroll and carrot red leaf viruses, and more distantly to pea enation mosaic and southern bean mosaic sobemovirus. BYDV-RPV and BWYV are serologically close, induce similar cytological effects and have similar genome sequences, which are related to those of carmoviruses, dianthoviruses and tombusviruses.

Best tests for diagnosis

Field symptoms easily confused with nutrient or water deficiencies. The disease resembles aster yellows MLO in small grains (Banttari, 1965; Gill et al., 1969).

Comments and References

References

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Cite this publication as: Brunt, A.A., Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, M.J., Gibbs, A.J., Watson, L. and Zurcher, E.J. (eds.) (1996 onwards). `Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Version: 20^th August 1996.' URL http://biology.anu.edu.au/Groups/MES/vide/

Dallwitz (1980) and Dallwitz, Paine and Zurcher (1993) should also be cited.