Plant Viruses Online   

Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database

Apple stem pitting virus

Index

• Nomenclature
• Host range, transmission and symptoms
• Physical and biochemical properties
• Taxonomy and relationships
• Comments and References

Data collated by H. Koganezawa, 1992.

Nomenclature

Synonyms

apple spy 227 epinasty and decline virus (Gilmer. 1962; Mink et al., 1971; Desvignes and Savio, 1975), hawthorn ring pattern mosaic virus, pear necrotic spot virus (Yanase et al., 1989; Koganezawa and Yanase, 1990), pear stony pit virus (Koganezawa and Yanase, 1990; Németh, 1986; Van der Meer, 1986), pear vein yellows virus (Yanase et al., 1989; Van der Meer, 1986).

Acronym

ASPV

Strains

mild and severe strains recognised.

ICTV decimal code

79.0.P.DE.02

Host range and symptoms

Natural host range and symptoms

Symptoms persist.
• Malus sylvestris - commercial cultivars show decline when grafted to sensitive rootstocks such as Virginia Crab and M. sieboldii.
• Malus sieboldii - dieback, inner bark necrosis.
• Malus sieboldii var. arborescens - leaf epinasty, inner bark necrosis.
• Pyrus communis - vein yellowing.
• Crataegus spp., Sorbus mitchelli - latent infection.

Transmission

Transmitted by means not involving a vector. Virus transmitted by mechanical inoculation; transmitted by grafting; not transmitted by contact between plants; not transmitted by seed; not transmitted by pollen.

Ecology and control

Studies reported by Welsh and Nyland (1965); Mink et al. (1973); Cutting and Montgomery (1973); Fridlund (1980a); Németh (1986).

Geographical distribution

Spreads in Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, China, the former Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea Republic, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, the USA, the former USSR, Uruguay, the former Yugoslavia.

Experimental host range

Several (3-9) families susceptible.

Diagnostically susceptible host species and symptoms

• Nicotiana occidentalis 37B - vein yellowing and leaf necrosis.
• N. occidentalis ssp. obliqua - necrotic local lesions.
• Malus sylvestris cv. Spy 227 - leaf epinasty and decline.
• M. sylvestris cv. Virginia Crab - stem pitting.
• M. sylvestris cvs Radiant or Sparkler - leaf epinasty.
• M. sieboldii MO65 - dieback, inner bark necrosis and necrotic leaf spot.
• Pyrus communis cv. Nouveau Poiteau - necrotic leaf spot.
• Pyronia veitchii - chlorotic spot on leaves and epinasty.

Diagnostically insusceptible host species

Nicotiana tabacum, Phaseolus vulgaris.

Maintenance and propagation hosts

any susceptible Malus sp., Nicotiana occidentalis 37B.

Assay hosts (Local lesions or Whole plants)

Nicotiana occidentalis ssp. obliqua (L), Malus sylvestris cvs Virginia Crab, Spy 227, Radiant, Sparkler (W), M. sieboldii MO65 (W).

Susceptible host species

• Celosia cristata
• Chenopodium murale
• Chenopodium quinoa
• Crataegus
• Cucumis sativus
• Gomphrena globosa
• Malus platycarpa
• Malus sieboldii
• Malus sieboldii var. arborescens
• Malus sylvestris
• Nicotiana occidentalis (cv. 37B)
• Nicotiana occidentalis ssp. obliqua
• Physalis floridana
• Pyronia veitchii
• Pyrus communis
• Sesamum indicum
• Sorbus mitchelli
• Tetragonia tetragonioides

Insusceptible host species

• Chenopodium quinoa
• Nicotiana bigelovii
• Nicotiana glutinosa
• Nicotiana megalosiphon
• Nicotiana rustica
• Nicotiana tabacum
• Phaseolus vulgaris
• Physalis floridana

Families containing susceptible hosts

• Amaranthaceae (2/2)
• Chenopodiaceae (2/2)
• Cucurbitaceae (1/1)
• Pedaliaceae (1/1)
• Rosaceae (8/8)
• Solanaceae (3/8)
• Tetragoniaceae (1/1)

Families containing insusceptible hosts

• Chenopodiaceae (1/2)
• Leguminosae-Papilionoideae (1/1)
• Solanaceae (6/8)

Sources of host-range data

Mink et al. (1971); Yanase (1974); Sweet (1980); Fridlund (1980b); Németh (1986); Van Dijk et al. (1987); Stouffer (1989); Yanase et al. (1989); Koganezawa and Yanase (1990).

Physical and biochemical properties

Properties of particles in sap

TIP: 55-60 °C. LIV: 0.3-1 days. DEP: log₁₀ minus 2-3. Leaf sap contains few virions.

Purification method

Koganezawa and Yanase (1990).

Particle morphology

Virions filamentous; not enveloped; usually flexuous; with a clear modal length; of 800 nm; 12-15 nm wide. Axial canal obscure. Basic helix obscure.

Physical properties

One sedimenting component in purified preparations (isopycnic centrifugation), or three sedimenting components in purified preparations (sucrose density gradient).

Biochemical properties

Genome consists of RNA; single-stranded; linear; unipartite. Genomic nucleic acid isolated by Koganezawa and Yanase (1990).

NCBI sequence data (Entrez search)

Sequence database accession code(s)

• D21829 Em(40)_vi:AITASPV Gb(84)_vi:AITASPV Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) RNAs for putative viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, triple
• D21828 Em(40)_vi:PAVYV Gb(84)_vi:PAVYV Pear vein yellows-associated virus (PVYV) RNA for coat protein, complete cds. 6/94 1,598bp. 2 sequence.

Features of proteins

Virion protein(s) one; M_r 48000; coat protein.

Replication

Replication does not depend on a helper virus.

Cytopathology

Virions found in all parts of the host plant; in cytoplasm. Inclusions absent from infected cells. Other cellular changes: disorganisation of chloroplasts (Koganezawa and Yanase, 1990).

Taxonomy and relationships

(ungrouped)

Differences between type strain and others

See Welsh and Uyemoto (1980).

Best tests for diagnosis

The virus can be distinguished from others with filamentous virions with similar length by finding end-to-end aggregates of virions in leaf dip preparations by electron microscopy. Also by grafting to woody indicator plants.

Comments and References

General comments

Although filamentous virions are associated with apple stem pitting disease, this virus has not yet been transmitted back to apple. Pear vein yellows virus, pear stony pit virus, pear necrotic spot virus and quince sooty ringspot virus are probably identical with apple stem pitting virus (Desvignes and Savio, 1975; Kegler et al., 1979; Yanase et al., 1989).

References

• Cutting, C.V. and Montgomery, H.B.S. (1973). More and Better Fruit with East Malling and Long Ashton Research Stations, U.K.
• Desvignes, J.C. and Savio, A. (1975). Acta Hort. 44: 139.
• Fridlund, P.R. (1980a). Plant Dis. 64: 826.
• Fridlund, P.R. (1980b). Acta Phytopath. Acad. Sci. Hung. 15: 153.
• Gilmer, R.M. (1962). Phytopathology 52: 1027.
• Kegler, H., Verderevskaja, T. and Fuchs, E. (1979). Arch. Gartenb. 27: 325.
• Koganezawa, H. and Yanase, H. (1990). Plant Dis. 74: 610.
• Machita, I. (1991). Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan 57: 90.
• Mink, G.I., Shay, J.R., Gilmer, R.M. and Stouffer, R.F. (1971). Search Agric. 1: 9.
• Mink, G.I., Yanase, H., Yamaguchi, Y. and Sawamura, K. (1973). Hort. Sci. 8: 296.
• Németh, M. (1986). In: Virus, Mycoplasma and Rickettsia Diseases of Fruit Trees, 841 pp. Akademia Kiado, Budapest.
• Smith, W.W. (1954). Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 63: 101.
• Stouffer, R.F. (1989). In: Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Pome Fruits and Similar Noninfectious Disorders, p. 138; ed. P.R. Fridlund. Washington State University Coop. Ext. Spec. Publ.
• Sweet, J.B. (1980). J. hort. Sci. 55: 103.
• Van Dijk, P., van der Meer, F.A. and Piron, P.G.M. (1987). Neth. J. Pl. Path. 93: 73.
• Welsh, M.F. and Nyland, G. (1965). Can. J. Pl. Sci. 45: 443.
• Welsh, M.F. and Uyemoto, J.K. (1980). Phytopathology 70: 349.
• Yanase, H. (1974). Bull. Fruit Tree Res. Stn, Ser. C 1: 47.
• Yanase, H., Koganezawa, H. and Fridlund, P.R. (1989). Acta Hort. 235: 157.

Cite this publication as: Brunt, A.A., Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, M.J., Gibbs, A.J., Watson, L. and Zurcher, E.J. (eds.) (1996 onwards). `Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Version: 20^th August 1996.' URL http://biology.anu.edu.au/Groups/MES/vide/

Dallwitz (1980) and Dallwitz, Paine and Zurcher (1993) should also be cited.