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Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database

Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus

Index

• Nomenclature
• Host range, transmission and symptoms
• Physical and biochemical properties
• Taxonomy and relationships
• Comments and References

Data collated by L. van Vloten-Doting, 1981. Revised 1987 by A.J. Gibbs.

Nomenclature

Synonyms

lucerne mosaic virus, potato calico virus.

Acronym

AMV

ICTV decimal code

10.0.1.0.001

Host range and symptoms

Natural host range and symptoms

Symptoms persist, or disappear soon after infection.
• The virus naturally infects many species including:
• Caryopteris incana - white fleck.
• Cicer arietinum - wilting.
• Lycopersicon esculentum - severe necrosis.
• Apium graveolens, A. graveolens var. rapaceum, Lactuca sativa, Malva parviflora, Trifolium incarnatum, T. repens, Viburnum opulus - mosaic.
• Medicago sativa - mosaic, mottle, malformation, but often symptomless during summer.
• Nicotiana tabacum, Lupinus spp. - mosaic and mottle.
• Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata, V. radiata, Astragalus glycyphyllos, Glycine max, Lablab purpureus, Lens culinaris, Capsicum annuum - necrotic or chlorotic local lesions, sometimes mosaic.
• Philadelphus sp. - white mottle.
• Pisum sativum - necrosis.
• Solanum tuberosum - calico and tuber necrosis.

Transmission

Transmitted by a vector; an insect; Myzus persicae and at least 13 other species; Aphididae. Transmitted in a non-persistent manner. Virus transmitted by mechanical inoculation; transmitted by grafting; not transmitted by contact between plants; transmitted by seed (50% in alfalfa seeds from individual infected plants and up to 10% in commercial seed); transmitted by pollen to the seed.

Ecology and control

Studies reported by Gibbs (1962); Garran and Gibbs (1982); Edwardson and Christie (1986).

Geographical distribution

Probably distributed worldwide.

Experimental host range

Many (>9) families susceptible. Experimentally infected plants mostly show necrotic local lesions, mottles or ringspots.

Diagnostically susceptible host species and symptoms

• Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa - chlorotic local lesions; systemic chlorotic and necrotic flecks which distinguish this virus from cucumber mosaic virus.
• Ocimum basilicum - systemic yellow mosaic.
• Phaseolus vulgaris - most strains induce necrotic local lesions, some induce chlorotic local lesions or a systemic mottle, vein necrosis and leaf malformation.
• Pisum sativum - local lesions and/or wilting of inoculated leaves; systemic stem necrosis and plant death.
• Vicia faba - black necrotic local lesions, stem necrosis and plant death, a few isolates induce systemic mottle.
• Vigna unguiculata - necrotic local lesions, not systemic, some isolates induce various systemic symptoms.
• Nicotiana tabacum - necrotic and chlorotic local lesions (some strains induce no local symptoms); systemic mottle, vein banding, ringspots, rarely malformation.

Maintenance and propagation hosts

Nicotiana glutinosa, N. tabacum.

Assay hosts (Local lesions or Whole plants)

Chenopodium amaranticolor (L,W), C. quinoa (L,W), Phaseolus vulgaris (L,W), Vigna unguiculata (L).

Susceptible host species

• Abelmoschus esculentus
• Ageratum conyzoides
• Amaranthus caudatus
• Amaranthus retroflexus
• Antirrhinum majus
• Apium graveolens
• Apium graveolens var. rapaceum
• Arachis hypogaea
• Astragalus glycyphyllos
• Beta vulgaris
• Brassica campestris ssp. rapa
• Calendula officinalis
• Capsicum annuum
• Capsicum frutescens
• Caryopteris incana
• Catharanthus roseus
• Celosia argentea
• Cheiranthus cheiri
• Chenopodium album
• Chenopodium amaranticolor
• Chenopodium murale
• Chenopodium quinoa
• Cicer arietinum
• Cichorium endiva
• Coriandrum sativum
• Crotalaria spectabilis
• Cucumis melo
• Cucumis sativus
• Cucurbita pepo
• Cyamopsis tetragonoloba
• Daucus carota (var. sativa)
• Dianthus barbatus
• Dianthus caryophyllus
• Emilia sagittata
• Fagopyrum esculentum
• Glycine max
• Gomphrena globosa
• Helianthus annuus
• Lablab purpureus
• Lactuca sativa
• Lathyrus odoratus
• Lens culinaris
• Linum usitatissimum
• Lupinus albus
• Lycopersicon esculentum
• Macroptilium lathyroides
• Malva parviflora
• Matthiola incana
• Medicago hispida
• Medicago sativa
• Melilotus albus
• Nicotiana bigelovii
• Nicotiana clevelandii
• Nicotiana debneyi
• Nicotiana glutinosa
• Nicotiana megalosiphon
• Nicotiana rustica
• Nicotiana sylvestris
• Nicotiana tabacum
• Ocimum basilicum
• Petunia × hybrida
• Phaseolus lunatus
• Phaseolus vulgaris
• Philadelphus
• Physalis floridana
• Physalis peruviana
• Phytolacca americana
• Pisum sativum
• Solanum demissum
• Solanum melongena
• Solanum nigrum
• Solanum nodiflorum
• Solanum rostratum
• Solanum tuberosum
• Sonchus oleraceus
• Spinacia oleracea
• Stellaria media
• Tetragonia tetragonioides
• Trifolium dubium
• Trifolium hybridum
• Trifolium incarnatum
• Trifolium pratense
• Trifolium repens
• Trifolium subterraneum
• Tropaeolum majus
• Viburnum opulus
• Vicia faba
• Vigna radiata
• Vigna unguiculata
• Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis
• Zinnia elegans

Insusceptible host species

• Atriplex hortensis
• Brassica oleracea var. capitata
• Cassia tora
• Chenopodium capitatum
• Chenopodium foetidum
• Datura stramonium
• Hyoscyamus niger
• Lotus corniculatus
• Nicandra physalodes
• Sesbania exaltata
• Verbesina encelioides
• Vicia sativa
• Vicia villosa

Families containing susceptible hosts

• Amaranthaceae (4/4)
• Apocynaceae (1/1)
• Caprifoliaceae (1/1)
• Caryophyllaceae (3/3)
• Chenopodiaceae (6/9)
• Compositae (8/9)
• Cruciferae (3/4)
• Cucurbitaceae (3/3)
• Labiatae (1/1)
• Leguminosae-Papilionoideae (27 /31)
• Linaceae (1/1)
• Malvaceae (2/2)
• Philadelphaceae (1/1)
• Phytolaccaceae (1/1)
• Polygonaceae (1/1)
• Scrophulariaceae (1/1)
• Solanaceae (20/23)
• Tetragoniaceae (1 /1)
• Tropaeolaceae (1/1)
• Umbelliferae (4/4)
• Verbenaceae (1/1)

Families containing insusceptible hosts

• Chenopodiaceae (3/9)
• Compositae (1/9)
• Cruciferae (1/4)
• Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae (1/1)
• Leguminosae-Papilionoideae (4/31)
• Solanaceae (3/23)

Sources of host-range data

Thornberry (1966); Hull (1969); Schmelzer et al. (1973).

Physical and biochemical properties

Properties of particles in sap

TIP: 60-65 °C. LIV: 1-4 days. DEP: log₁₀ minus 3-4. Infectivity of sap not changed by treatment with di-ethyl ether. Leaf sap contains many virions. Electron microscopy: most negative stains disrupt virions unless they are first fixed with formaldehyde. The virions of some strains are stable in AM (Price and McLean, 1982).

Purification method

Van Vloten-Doting and Jaspars (1972).

Particle morphology

Virions bacilliform; not enveloped; mostly 30, 35, 43, and 56 nm in length; 18 nm wide.

Physical properties

Four sedimenting components in purified preparations (at least); sedimentation coefficient of the fastest 94 S (B); of the other(s) 82 S (M), or 78 S (Ta), or 66 S (Tb; minor components of 53 S and 60 S found in some isolates). Density 1.381 g cm^-3 in CsCl (T_a), or 1.385 g cm^-3 in CsCl (B). Density in Cs₂SO₄ 1.278 g cm^-3. Isoelectric point pH 4.6. A₂₆₀/A₂₈₀ ratio 1.7-1.8.

Biochemical properties

Virions contain 16 % nucleic acid; 84 % protein; 0 % lipid.

Genome consists of RNA; single-stranded; linear. Total genome size 8.27 kb. Genome of three parts; largest (or only) genome part the largest, RNA-1 3.64 kb; the 2nd largest 2.59 kb (RNA-2); the 3rd largest 2.04 kb (RNA-3). Base composition 23 % G; 25 % A; 23 % C; 29 % U. 5´ terminus of RNA has a methylated nucleotide cap. Infectivity retained when deproteinised with proteases, or decreased when deproteinised with proteases; retained when deproteinised with phenol or detergent (provided RNA-4 is present). Poly A region absent. Additional factor required for infectivity; coat protein mRNA or RNA-4 of 0.88 kb. RNA-1 and RNA-2 alone can infect protoplasts. Genome has no tRNA-like activity. Nucleotide sequence references: Cornelissen et al. (1983); Collot et al. (1977); Barker et al. (1983); Ravelonandro et al. (1984); Gunn and Symons (1980); Koper-Zwarthoff et al. (1980); Houwing and Jaspars (1982).

NCBI sequence data (Entrez search)

Sequence database accession code(s)

• J02001 Gb(84)_vi:MAARNA23 alfalfa mosaic virus (Q strain) rna2 3´ end. 2/85 228bp.
• J02003 Em(40)_vi:ALRNA3 Gb(84)_vi:MAARNA3 alfalfa mosaic virus rna 3 35kd protein leader sequence. 4/90 318bp.
• J02005 Gb(84)_vi:MAARNA35 alfalfa mosaic virus (strain 425) rna3 5´ end. 2/85 101bp.
• K02702 Gb(84)_vi:MAACG2Z Alfalfa mosaic virus (strain 425 Leiden) RNA 2 of complete genome. 9/88 2,593bp.
• K02703 Em(40)_vi:ALMRNA3 Gb(84)_vi:MAACG3Z Alfalfa mosaic virus (strain 425 Madison) RNA 3 of complete genome. 4/90 2,037bp
• K03542 Em(40)_vi:MAARNA3L Gb(84)_vi:MAARNA3L Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 3 encoding viral coat protein, complete.B. 4/90 2,142bp.
• L00161 Gb(84)_vi:MAARNA33 Alfalfa mosaic virus (strain Q) RNA 3, 3´ end. 8/86 230bp
• L00162 Em(40)_vi:ALMAARNA4 Gb(84)_vi:MAARNA4 Alfalfa mosaic virus (strain 425 Leiden) RNA 4 encoding viral coat protein. 5/94 964bp.
• L00163 Em(40)_vi:ALMAACG1Z Gb(84)_vi:MAACG1Z Alfalfa mosaic virus (strain 425 Leiden) RNA 1 of complete genome. 5/94 3,644bp.
• L00164 Gb(84)_vi:MAARNA13 Alfalfa mosaic virus (strain Q) RNA 1. 8/86 226bp.
• M10826 Em(40)_vi:MAARNA01 Gb(84)_vi:MAARNA4AX Alfalfa mosaic virus (A1MV) RNA 4, 3´ terminal fragment 29C. 7/91 91bp.
• M10851 Em(40)_vi:MAARNA4A Gb(84)_vi:MAARNA4A Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4, 5´ terminal region. 7/89 74bp.
• M25004 Em(40)_vi:ALMAARNAA Gb(84)_vi:MAARNAA Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 3 or 4, 3´ end. 4/92 113bp.
• M25005 Em(40)_vi:ALMAARNAB Gb(84)_vi:MAARNAB Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 2, 3´ end. 4/92 103bp.
• M25006 Em(40)_vi:ALMAARNAC Gb(84)_vi:MAARNAC Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1, 3´ end. 4/92 110bp.
• M25452 Em(40)_vi:ALMAARNA1 Gb(84)_vi:MAARNA4D Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 RNA fragment. 4/92 62bp.
• M35975 Em(40)_vi:ALMAARNA Gb(84)_vi:MAARNA1A Alfalfa mosaic virus (strain AlMV-S) 5´ end of RNA-1. 12/90 163bp.
• M35976 Em(40)_vi:ALMAAR01 Gb(84)_vi:MAARNA1B Alfalfa mosaic virus (strain AlMV-B) 5´ end of RNA-1. 12/90 115bp.
• M36389 Em(40)_vi:ALMAAR02 Gb(84)_vi:MAARNA2A Alfalfa mosaic virus (strain AlMV-S) 5´ end of RNA-2. 12/90 108bp.
• M36390 Em(40)_vi:ALMAAR03 Gb(84)_vi:MAARNA2B Alfalfa mosaic virus (strain AlMV-B) 5´ end of RNA-2. 12/90 109bp.
• M36391 Em(40)_vi:ALMAAR04 Gb(84)_vi:MAARNA3B Alfalfa mosaic virus (strain AlMV-S) 5´ end of RNA-3. 12/90 305bp.
• M36392 Em(40)_vi:ALMAAR05 Gb(84)_vi:MAARNA3C Alfalfa mosaic virus (strain AlMV-B) 5´ end of RNA-3. 12/90 290bp.
• M59241 Em(40)_vi:ALMAA32K Gb(84)_vi:MAA32KDMP Alfalfa mosaic virus 32 kDa movement protein and coat protein RNA, complete cds. 8/92 2,188bp.
• S55890 Em(40)_vi:S55890 Gb(84)_vi:S55890 RNA-3 coat protein homolog, alfalfa mosaic virus RNA-3 32K protein homolog (RNA-2) (raspberry bushy dwarf virus, Genomic RNA, 2231 nt).
• U12509 Em(43)_vi:Am12509 Gb(89)_vi:Amu12509 Alfalfa mosaic virus NZ1 RNA4 coat protein mRNA, complete cds. 8/94 876bp.
• U12510 Em(43)_vi:Am12510 Gb(89)_vi:Amu12510 Alfalfa mosaic virus NZ2 RNA4 coat protein mRNA, complete cds. 8/94 876bp.
• V00044 Em(40)_vi:ALALM1 Gb(84)_vi:ALALM1 5´ end of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1. 5/94 61bp.
• V00045 Em(40)_vi:ALALM2 Gb(84)_vi:ALALM2 5´ end of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 2. 5/94 13bp.
• V00046 Em(40)_vi:ALALM3 Gb(84)_vi:ALALM3 5´ end of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 3. 5/94 101bp.
• V00047 Em(40)_vi:ALALM4 Gb(84)_vi:ALALM4 Intercistronic junction in alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 3. 5/94 122bp.
• V00048 Em(40)_vi:ALALM5 Gb(84)_vi:ALALM5 alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 coding for the coat protein. 5/94 881bp.
• V00049 Em(40)_vi:ALALM6 Gb(84)_vi:ALALM6 3´ end of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1. 7/91 226bp.
• V00050 Em(40)_vi:ALALM7 Gb(84)_vi:ALALM7 3´ end of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 2. 7/91 228bp.
• V00051 Em(40)_vi:ALALM8 Gb(84)_vi:ALALM8 3´ end of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 3. 7/91 230bp.
• V00052 Em(40)_vi:ALAM01 Gb(84)_vi:ALAM01 Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 fragment. (Obtained after digestion with ribonuclease T1.). 5/94 8
• V00053 Em(40)_vi:ALAM02 Gb(84)_vi:ALAM02 Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 fragment. (Obtained after digestion with ribonuclease T1.). 5/94 6
• V00054 Em(40)_vi:ALAM03 Gb(84)_vi:ALAM03 Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 fragment. (Obtained after digestion with ribonuclease T1.). 5/94 4
• V00055 Em(40)_vi:ALAM04 Gb(84)_vi:ALAM04 Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 fragment. (Obtained after digestion with ribonuclease T1.). 5/94 4
• V00056 Em(40)_vi:ALAM05 Gb(84)_vi:ALAM05 Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 fragment. (Obtained after digestion with ribonuclease T1.). 5/94 4
• V00057 Em(40)_vi:ALAM06 Gb(84)_vi:ALAM06 Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 fragment. (Obtained after digestion with ribonuclease T1.). 5/94 3
• V00058 Em(40)_vi:ALAM07 Gb(84)_vi:ALAM07 Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 fragment. (Obtained after digestion with ribonuclease T1.). 5/94 3
• V00059 Em(40)_vi:ALAM08 Gb(84)_vi:ALAM08 Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 fragment. (Obtained after digestion with ribonuclease T1.). 5/94 3
• V00060 Em(40)_vi:ALAM09 Gb(84)_vi:ALAM09 Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 fragment. (Obtained after digestion with ribonuclease T1.). 5/94 2
• V00061 Em(40)_vi:ALAM10 Gb(84)_vi:ALAM10 Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 fragment. (Obtained after digestion with ribonuclease T1.). 5/94 2
• V00062 Em(40)_vi:ALAM11 Gb(84)_vi:ALAM11 Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 fragment. (Obtained after digestion with ribonuclease A.). 5/94 25
• V00063 Em(40)_vi:ALAM12 Gb(84)_vi:ALAM12 Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 fragment. (Obtained after digestion with ribonuclease A.). 5/94 19
• V00064 Em(40)_vi:ALAM13 Gb(84)_vi:ALAM13 Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 fragment. (Obtained after digestion with ribonuclease A.). 5/94 19
• V00065 Em(40)_vi:ALAM14 Gb(84)_vi:ALAM14 Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 fragment. (Obtained after digestion with ribonuclease A.). 5/94 18
• V00066 Em(40)_vi:ALAM15 Gb(84)_vi:ALAM15 Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 fragment. (Obtained after digestion with ribonuclease A.). 5/94 18
• V00067 Em(40)_vi:ALAM16 Gb(84)_vi:ALAM16 Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 fragment. (Obtained after digestion with ribonuclease A.). 5/94 15
• V00068 Em(40)_vi:ALAM17 Gb(84)_vi:ALAM17 Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 fragment. (Obtained after digestion with ribonuclease T1.). 5/94 9
• X00819 Em(40)_vi:ALAM19 Gb(84)_vi:ALAM19 Alfalfa mosaic virus (strain S) complete RNA 3 sequence. 9/93 2,055bp.
• X01572 Em(40)_vi:A1MVRNA2 Gb(84)_vi:A1MVRNA2 Alfalfa mosaic virus (A1M4) RNA 2. 7/91 2,593bp.
• M28374 Em(43)_vi:Maatbts7a Gb(89)_vi:Maatbts7a Alfalfa mosaic virus (clone 143) temperature-sensitive mutant Tbts7 RNA3 (coat protein-encodi
• M28375 Em(43)_vi:Maatbts7b Gb(89)_vi:Maatbts7b Alfalfa mosaic virus (clone 112) temperature-sensitive mutant Tbts7 RNA3 (coat protein-encoding), 5´ end fragment.

Features of the genome

Non-genomic nucleic acid found in the virions; is subgenomic mRNA (of coat protein gene). Sub-genomic mRNA found in infected cells; coat protein mRNA also present in virion preparations.

Features of proteins

Virion protein(s) one; M_r 24250. Method of preparation: Kruseman et al. (1971). Amino acid sequence: Van Beynum (1977) for AMV-425 and Castel (1979) for AMV-VRU.

Replication

Coat protein mRNA translated in the cytoplasm. Replication does not depend on a helper virus.

Cytopathology

Virions found in all parts of the host plant; in cytoplasm and in chloroplasts; cytoplasmic invaginations in the chloroplasts. Inclusions cytoplasmic present in infected cells; are unusual in shape; vacuolated bodies derived from spheroidal and granular bodies, vacuolated or non-vacuolated bodies containing nucleoprotein and hexagonal crystals; they contain virions (aggregated). Also tubular bodies are found in the nucleus (Hull et al., 1969).

Taxonomy and relationships

Alfamovirus: Bromoviridae (the type species)

Additional comments on relationships

No other viruses are definitive alfamoviruses. However, sunflower ringspot virus (J. Dale, pers. comm.) and a virus isolated from Mercurialis perennis in the U.K. (A.A. Brunt, pers. comm.) have virions of similar shape, but are not serologically related. Cassava Ivorian bacilliform virus (Fargette et al., 1991), and allied viruses, is unrelated. Some alfalfa mosaic virus genes are homologous to those of the ilar-, bromo- and cucumoviruses.

Comments and References

References

• Barker, R.F., Jarvis, N.P., Thompson, D.U., Loesch-Fries, L.S. and Hall, T.C. (1983). Nucl. Acids Res. 11: 2881.
• Bos, L. and Jaspars, E.M.J. (1971). CMI/AAB Descr. Pl. Viruses No. 46, 4 pp.
• Castel, A., Kraal, B., de Graaf, J.M. and Bosch, L. (1979). Eur. J. Biochem. 102: 125.
• Collot, D., Dupin, A. and Duranton, H. (1977). Biochim. biophys. Acta 492: 260.
• Cornelissen, B.J.C., Brederode, F.Th., Veenemann, G.H., van Boom, J.H. and Bol, J.F. (1983). Nucl. Acids Res. 11: 3019.
• Edwardson, J.R. and Christie, R.G. (1986). Fla Agric. Exp. Stn Monogr. No. 14, p. 30.
• Garran, J. and Gibbs, A.J. (1982). Aust. J. agric. Res. 33: 657.
• Gibbs, A.J. (1962). Pl. Path. 11: 167.
• Gunn, M.R. and Symons, R.H. (1980). FEBS Lett. 109: 145.
• Houwing, C.J. and Jaspars, E.M.J. (1982). Biochemistry 21: 3408.
• Hull, R. (1969). Adv. Virus Res. 15, p. 365.
• Hull, R., Hills, G.J. and Plaskitt, (1969). J. Ultrastruct. Res. 24: 465.
• Jaspars E.M.J. and Bos, L. (1980). CMI/AAB Descr. Pl. Viruses No. 229, 7 pp.
• Koper-Zwarthoff, E.C., Brederode, F.Th., Veenemann, G. and van Boom, J.H. (1980). Nucl. Acids Res. 8: 5635.
• Kruseman, J., Jaspars, E.M.J., Bol, J.F., Brederode, F.Th. and Veldstra, H. (1971). Biochemistry 10: 447.
• Price, L.K. and McLean, G.D. (1982). Australas. Pl. Path. 11: 48.
• Ravelonandro, M., Pinck, M. and Pinck, L. (1984). Biochimie 66: 395.
• Schmelzer, K., Schmidt, H.B. and Beczner, L. (1973). Biol. Zbl. 92: 211.
• Thornberry, H.H. (1966). In: Index of Plant Virus Diseases. U.S. Dept Agric. Hdbk No. 307, p.264.
• Van Beynum, G.M.A., de Graaf, J.M., Castel, A., Kraal, B. and Bosch, L. (1977). Eur. J. Biochem. 72: 63.
• Van Vloten-Doting, L. and Jaspars, E.M.J. (1972). Virology 48: 699.
• Weimer, J.L. (1931). Phytopathology 21: 122.

Illustrations

Cite this publication as: Brunt, A.A., Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, M.J., Gibbs, A.J., Watson, L. and Zurcher, E.J. (eds.) (1996 onwards). `Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Version: 20^th August 1996.' URL http://biology.anu.edu.au/Groups/MES/vide/

Dallwitz (1980) and Dallwitz, Paine and Zurcher (1993) should also be cited.